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[Annotatie]: This fully revised and updated edition deals with the mechanics of processing remotely sensed images. Presented in an accessible manner, this book covers a wide range of image processing and pattern recognition techniques. A number of examples are included on the accompanying website to illustrate the practical use of specific techniques.[Inhoudsopgave]: Preface to the First Edition xi Preface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the Third Edition xvii Preface to the Fourth Edition xix List of Examples xxi 1 Remote Sensing: Basic Principles 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Electromagnetic Radiation and Its Properties 4 1.2.1 Terminology 4 1.2.2 Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation 6 1.2.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 6 1.2.4 Sources of Electromagnetic Radiation 13 1.2.5 Interactions with the Earth's Atmosphere 15 1.3 Interaction with Earth-Surface Materials 17 1.3.1 Introduction 17 1.3.2 Spectral Reflectance of Earth Surface Materials 19 1.4 Summary 26 2 Remote Sensing Platforms and Sensors 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Characteristics of Imaging Remote Sensing Instruments 31 2.2.1 Spatial Resolution 32 2.2.2 Spectral Resolution 35 2.2.3 Radiometric Resolution 37 2.3 Optical, Near-infrared and Thermal Imaging Sensors 39 2.3.1 Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) 40 2.3.2 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and NPOESS VIIRS 41 2.3.3 MODIS 42 2.3.4 Ocean Observing Instruments 42 2.3.5 IRS LISS 45 2.3.6 Landsat Instruments 46 2.3.7 SPOT Sensors 48 2.3.8 Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) 53 2.3.9 High-Resolution Commercial and Small Satellite Systems 53 2.4 Microwave Imaging Sensors 58 2.4.1 European Space Agency Synthetic Aperture Spaceborne Radars 62 2.4.2 Radarsat 63 2.4.3 TerraSAR-X and COSMO/Skymed 64 2.4.4 ALOS PALSAR 65 2.5 Summary 66 3 Hardware and Software Aspects of Digital Image Processing 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Properties of Digital Remote Sensing Data 67 3.2.1 Digital Data 67 3.2.2 Data Formats 74 3.2.3 System Processing 78 3.3 Numerical Analysis and Software Accuracy 80 3.4 Some Remarks on Statistics 83 3.5 Summary 84 4 Preprocessing of Remotely-Sensed Data 87 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Cosmetic Operations 89 4.2.1 Missing Scan Lines 89 4.2.2 Destriping Methods 90 4.3 Geometric Correction and Registration 94 4.3.1 Orbital Geometry Model 96 4.3.2 Transformation Based on Ground Control Points 98 4.3.3 Resampling Procedures 108 4.3.4 Image Registration 111 4.3.5 Other Geometric Correction Methods 111 4.4 Atmospheric Correction 112 4.4.1 Background 112 4.4.2 Image-Based Methods 114 4.4.3 Radiative Transfer Models 115 4.4.4 Empirical Line Method 115 4.5 Illumination and View Angle Effects 116 4.6 Sensor Calibration 117 4.7 Terrain Effects 121 4.8 Summary 123 5 Image Enhancement Techniques 125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Human Visual System 126 5.3 Contrast Enhancement 128 5.3.1 Linear Contrast Stretch 128 5.3.2 Histogram Equalization 129 5.3.3 Gaussian Stretch 138 5.4 Pseudocolour Enhancement 140 5.4.1 Density Slicing 140 5.4.2 Pseudocolour Transform 144 5.5 Summary 145 6 Image Transforms 147 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 Arithmetic Operations 148 6.2.1 Image Addition 148 6.2.2 Image Subtraction 149 6.2.3 Image Multiplication 150 6.2.4 Image Division and Vegetation Indices 152 6.3 Empirically Based Image Transforms 156 6.3.1 Perpendicular Vegetation Index 156 6.3.2 Tasselled Cap (Kauth Thomas) Transformation 157 6.4 Principal Components Analysis 160 6.4.1 Standard Principal Components Analysis 160 6.4.2 Noise-Adjusted PCA 168 6.4.3 Decorrelation Stretch 169 6.5 Hue-Saturation-Intensity (HSI) Transform 171 6.6 The Discrete Fourier Transform 172 6.6.1 Introduction 172 6.6.2 Two-Dimensional Fourier Transform 173 6.6.3 Applications of the Fourier Transform 178 6.7 The Discrete Wavelet Transform 178 6.7.1 Introduction 178 |
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